Egyptian big business enjoyed decades of tax breaks, subsidies, and other. The revolution started on police day, a public holiday, 25 january 2011, with a series of peaceful demonstrations in cairo that were originally meant to draw attention to police brutality. People who produce half a revolution dig their own grave. Central bank of egypt annual report 2011 2012 exceptional circumstances experienced by egypt. Mechanisms of violence and nonviolence patricia bauer bertold schweitzer introduction the starting point for our considerations is the frequently expressed view that the 2011 revolution in egypt from the start of the mass demonstrations on january 25th up to the. An important analysis of the egyptian revolution and counter. In the years that led to the january 2011 revolution, many egyptians saw. The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual egyptian police holiday as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of mubaraks presidency. Publishing taxes were another restriction on party. Jan 25, 2011 egyptian revolution cairo, january 25th 2011. The economic causes of the egyptian revolution january 25, 2011.
Thi s researc h articl e attempts to scrutinize the nature and cause s of the ara b uprising s which too k people by surpris e globall y throughou t 2011 and int o 2012. The natural gas sector in postrevolution egypt request pdf. Egyptian revolution of 2011 was predominantly driven by males. Arab spring leaves egypt in an economic slump following the revolution that ousted egyptian president hosni mubarak earlier this year, the countrys economy is sagging tourism has plummeted. They achieved victory on 11 february, 2011, and the reverberations of the countrys success have been felt around the world. In the weeks after that, demonstrations and riots began in egypt. The path to a successful economic transition in egypt. Following the revolution, the egyptian tax authority announced a circular letter no. Inspired by the tunisian uprising that overthrew longtime president ben ali, egyptian citizens and activists organized mass protests on january 25, 2011, calling for economic reform and an end to president hosni mubaraks 30year rule. Some comments on the egyptian revolution of 2011 ari. A delegation tried to present a copy of the court ruling to the council of ministers. Pdf the egyptian revolution carries a challenging transition phase, starting out. The gas export agreement, which resulted in gas shipments to israel between 2008 and 2012, became increasingly controversial after the 2011 egyptian revolution toppled the government that was offering israel preferential prices for imports of egyptian natural gas.
Zine alabidine ben ali from power, protests against the first demonstrations occurred in tunisia in december 2010, triggered by the selfimmolation of a young man frustrated by tunisias high unemployment rate and rampant police corruption. January egyptian revolution of 2011, the political system was much changed. Jul 24, 20 the first revolution happened because a large number of mostly nonislamist egyptian youths grew fed up with the suffocating dead hand of the mubarak era a hand so dead that way too many young. Egypt, that has supported decolonisation movements and led panarabism by soft and hard powers tools in the 60s and early 70s, has lost its position. Egypt sees the tunnels as a passageway for arms and militants it has been fighting in north sinai, posing a risk to the countrys security. Pdf this paper argues that the egyptian revolution of 25 january 2011 has to be.
The egyptian 18day long protest was a short time for a fundamental change in 30year dictatorship, but it proved how the. Impact of the socioeconomic situation post egyptian revolution 2011. Activists in egypt call for an uprising in their own country, to protest against poverty, unemployment, government corruption and the rule of president hosni mubarak, who has been in. The egyptian tax code taxes personal income and corporate profits for both foreigners and nationals at.
The socalled egyptian revolution, led by the countrys middleclass urban. The uprisin, in which the participants placed emphasis on the peaceful nature o the struggle, mainly comprised a campaign o ceevil resistance, which featured a. Wikimedia commons haes media relatit tae egyptian revolution of 2011 airticles in category egyptian revolution o 2011 the follaein 2 pages is in this categerie, oot o 2 awthegither. Cambridge core middle east studies chronicles of the egyptian revolution and its aftermath. In cairo, protesters converged upon tahrir liberation square, which remained constantly occupied until the resignation of president hosni mubarak on 11 february. The head of the church and the see of alexandria is the patriarch of alexandria. The consequent effects can largely be attributed to the already fragile egyptian economy. The egyptian revolution of 2011, is a term which refers to a period of significant political upheaval which occurred in egypt following from and inspired by the jasmine revolution, or more properly the sidi bouzid revolt, in tunisia, on 25 january 2011 egypt experienced the first moments of the revolution that would see mubarak removed from power. Egyptian government revenues depend importantly on two indirect taxes on imports and on sales and on two direct taxes on business and personal. As the egyptian revolution was partly motivated by claims of social injustice and inequalities, this seems at odds with a low level of income inequality.
This change resulted in successful and semi successful revolutions. This paper aims to shed light on the egyptian socioeconomic and political conditions seven years post the 2011 revolution. The egyptian revoluti on of 2 011, also known as the janu ary 25 revolu tion arabic. Egypt was part of the ottoman empire, and then under british rule till it was declared a republic in 1953. If you want to free a society, just give them internet access these were the words of 30year. A report on the egyptian tax system english the world bank. Egypts war against the tunnels between sinai and gaza strip. Three years after the mass uprising that ended husni mubaraks thirtyyear dictatorship, many egypt observers ask the same question that economist galal amin uses for the title of his latest book.
Timeline of the egyptian revolution of 2011 wikipedia. According to world bank, unemployment remains at 15. Moreover, while income inequality shows a decline between 2000 and 2009, the world values surveys indicate that the aversion to inequality has. Pdf education during the time of the revolution in egypt. Additionally, the authors distributed 390 likertscale questionnaires among respondents to test. An egyptian armoured personnel carrier covered in antimubarak graffiti in cairo, 2011. Most causes of the 2011 egyptian revolution against mubarak also existed in 1952, when the free officers ousted king farouk.
Protesters were inspired by the successful uprising in tunisia, where demonstrators succeeded. However, in 2011, there were some other examples of successful revolutions in the. Egypt has been chosen because of its importance in the arab world and its interesting tax reform, including a rationalisation of tax incentives. The egyptian revolution and post socioeconomic impact. Egypt is a founding member of the united nations and the non alignedmovement, formed in. The roots and causes of the 2011 arab uprisings kamal eldin osman salih abstract. In the 2011 egyptian revolution, many demonstrations and riots were held in egypt.
Expanding on the work of wahba 2009 and assaad 2009, i seek to analyze the effects. At the time of the 2011 revolution, the first returns filed under this regime were subject to widespread audit, given the five year statutory limit on tax claims. Pdf since the 25th january 2011 revolution, egyptians experienced and engaged in a daily debate. Following the egyptian revolution, political and regional developments continued to undermine.
Media in category egyptian revolution of 2011 the following 200 files are in this category, out of 270 total. It is remarkable that in 2011 we had the opportunity to watch or view the current events involving mass protests and popular uprising against mubaraks autocracy. The weighted average of the us dollar in the interbank market posted le 6. The precursors to the egyptian revolution started on 17 th. The guardian newspaper published a report on 4th february 2011 that estimated the mubarak family. Following the 2011 uprising, political power was transferred, on an interim basis, to the supreme council of the armed forces scaf, the highest body of the egyptian military. The ratio of revolution youth protests in japan 1968, the united states 1975, china 1989 and egypt 2011 took place when both youth growth rates and the ratio of revolution were high. The following chronological summary of major events took place during the 2011 egyptian revolution right up to hosni mubaraks resignation as the fourth president of egypt on 11 february 2011. Section ii is an extensive description of labor law 12. Egyptian antigovernment protesters celebrate in cairo after. Egypts economy in 2011 banks in egypt could record a wave of cash withdrawals when they resume their operations, such examples have included companies among the hardest hit violent protests against president hosni mubarak, says bloomberg. The president is the head of state and the head of national defence. The coverage of egypts revolution reuters institute for the study. Central bank of egypt annual report 20112012 board decision dated july 5, 2011.
Pdf the egyptian revolution and post socioeconomic impact. January 25 revolution days after a popular uprising in tunisia, known as the jasmine revolution, forced pres. Three weeks ago, peaceful christian protesters were killed in what appeared to be an orchestrated attack by the. Top incomes and the measurement of inequality in egypt. Over the past seven years, the government of egypt has gradually liberalized its trade regime and economic policies, although the reform process has been slow and uneven. The end of egypts revolution, or the start of its second. Pdf egyptian tax system and absence of social justice. The 2011 revolution in egypt started with marches, demonstrations and civil resistance on january 25. No account of the egyptian revolution should overlook this crucial point.
Youth and the revolution in egypt wiley online library. Egyptian streets is an independent, young, and grass roots news media organization aimed at providing readers with an alternate depiction of events that occur on egyptian and middle eastern streets, and to establish an engaging social platform for readers to discover and discuss the various issues that impact the region. In addition to the revenue it provides, each tax affects the efficiency of the decisions that egyptian. Oct 28, 2011 the end of egypts revolution, or the start of its second. From 1981 to 2011, hosni mubarak was in power under emergency law with his son gamal appearing to be a. We have all been reading about egypt in the newspapers, and wonder what is behind their problems. As many commentators have pointed out it was like being a witness to history a mass protest for democracy that contrasts strongly with jihadism and the es tablishment of a caliphate. Learn more about the egypt economy, including the population of egypt, gdp, facts, trade, business, inflation and other data and analysis on its economy from the. Revolution and political uncertainty gripped egypt over the course of 2011 and in 2012, leaving unclear the future of egyptian approaches to tackling needed trade reforms. From day one, the egyptian uprising in 2011 has been called a youth. In this narrative, the author recounts his experiences over 12 days as a participant in what is now referred to as the egyptian revolution. In an article for the journal of international womens studies, alnatour 2012 argued against this point.
The expectation gap in the egyptian economy after the. How the egyptian revolution began, and where it might. According to the second declaration following revolution of 2011, the president has the following responsibilities. The 2011 egyptian revolution, which drew inspiration from protests in tunisia and led to widespread antigovernment uprisings throughout north africa and the middle east, began with protests on january 25, 2011, culminating february 11, 2011 with the resignation of president hosni mubarak. Now it is planning to hold food subsidies level and raise. Feburary 2011 the economic future of egypts revolution.
Due to tourism coming to a halt and other factors during the revolution and arab spring movement, the budget deficit has grown and unemployment has risen since 2011. The state of the egyptian revolution project on middle east. Integrating a system of child benefits into egypts fiscal. Abdou and others published the egyptian revolution and post.
Chronicles of the egyptian revolution and its aftermath. Opinion egypts three revolutions the new york times. The egyptian tax code taxes personal income and corporate profits for both foreigners. Bahaar, then 32 and interested in politics and how egypt might. A look at turmoil in egypt since the 2011 revolution youtube. Egyptian revolution, also known as arab spring or arab uprising, was a shock for international community because egypt has been seen as one of the strongest military state in north africa region. A new cause of the arab spring is the increase in population, which increased unemployment. How the egyptian revolution impacts world economy egypt. The egyptian revolution of january 2011 failed and did not change the fundamental political structure of the country, which ended up under military rule. The twoway human rights groups say the situation in egypt is worse now than it was under dictator hosni mubarak. United nations economic and social commission for western asia.
With the resignation of mubarak on february 11, 2011, egyptians have now turned their attention to how the egyptian state can recover public property from the possession of corrupt officials of the ancien regime. The egyptian revolution decimated the industry, resulting in a sharp. It seems that egypt need more time s for a boundre in its economy. In the january revolution, the egyptian people did just that.
While the 2011 egyptian revolution has already become the subject of much debate, the roots of the socioeconomic context which made the revolution possible have seldom been explored. The egyptian orthodox church is an oriental orthodox christian church based in egypt, africa and the middle east. It is also called the day of anger and the day of revolt. Egyptian tourism decreased by a third in 2011,1 and. Pdf egyptian labour in the shadow of revolution ahmed.
Feb 01, 2011 the egyptian revolution 1 february 2011 as mass protests, factory occupations and calls for an indefinite general strike spread against the dictatorship of president hosni mubarak, the working. Aug 14, 20 cnns becky anderson looks at how events have unfolded in egypt since the revolution began in january 2011. The egyptian revolution of 2011 has made a significant impact and will be recorded in the political history of the region. It is informed by extensive consultations with the government, private sector, academia, civil society organizations and youth groups. Since the 2011 revolution, many western governments, including the united states, have. While the army has benefitted most from the revolutionits image has been. A report on the egyptian tax system english abstract. This article aims to examine tax policy challenges in egypt as a result of the revolution in 2011. Workers grievances were rooted in their opposition to the drive toward the privatization of public sector enterprises, which began with president anwar alsadats proc. The egyptian revolution is also referred to as the egyptian protests, days of rage, the papyrus revolution and the lotus revolution.
Public corruption and the egyptian revolution of january 25. The arab world has been moving towards change in successive events since the beginning of 2011. It is found that egypt has adopted a combination of counter. Top incomes and the measurement of inequalityin egypt. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. The 2011 revolution caused economic hardship in egypt, resulting in foreign currency shortages as the country witnessed a flight of capital due to security issues as well as labour and social unrest. Many groups in egypt are working for political change progressive and regressive, transparent and dubious and the stakes are high because the power of the mubarak regime has not been relinquished in substance. Before the demonstrations began, there was an uprising in tunisia. Sep 17, 20 after mubarak stepped down in 2011, egypt was full of hope for change.
A growing number of recent studies on the egyptian revolution attribute its beginning to a set of socioeconomic and political factors. Appoints the prime minister, the ministers and their delegates. Feburary 2011 the economic future of egypts revolution by mark roe for egypt, the question of the day is whether the country will build an open, democratic political system or relapse into some form new or old of autocracy. They began to form independent trade unions that represented municipal realestate tax collectors, teachers, health technicians and pensioners.
Feb 01, 2011 how the egyptian revolution impacts world economy posted on february 1, 2011 by egypt crisis six days of riots have suppressed almost 5% of gdp in egypt, but without tourism the country, the persian gulf countries stock markets are falling and oil prices rose by 4% worldwide reaching the maximum level of the last 28 months. At least part of egypts problem is the fact that in the past the government has threatened to reduce food subsidies. How civic engagement and citizen journalism tilted the balance by dr sahar khamis and katherine vaughn published in issue 14 of arab media and society, summer 2011 introduction. A year later the academy published shields to protect against fear, a manual on techniques. Roberto roccu addresses this gap and in doing this provides the first detailed study of the deeper causes of the egyptian revolution. Integrating a system of child benefits into egypts fiscal space poverty impact, costing, and fiscal space amjad rabi. Egypts revolution was regime exchange, not regime change 1 july 20 a twoandahalf hour long speech last week by the egyptian president, mohamed morsi failed to. Never before in our long history, extending back to the pharaohs, did we manage to topple a leader from power. In 2011, like in 1919, we made history and brought radical change.
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